The Importance of Being Ernest by Oscar Wilde

Presentation Realism in the visual expressions accentuates on the target portrayal of the real world and exactness, where theater and show are significant parts. To accomplish authenticity in plays, dramatists endeavor to introduce genuine individuals encountering showdowns with the physical and philosophical challenges where they will in general become casualties of powers past their control.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Importance of Being Ernest by Oscar Wilde explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Like the normal individual, the characters in pragmatist plays scarcely show up at answers for their separate binds. Be that as it may, individuals think about authenticity as a dead practice in expressions of the human experience since, as most writers contend, it meddles with the stylish nature of the work with individuals like Vivian announcing it a total disappointment. Truth be told, the case is valid and forthright as Oscar Wilde uncovers. Authenticity: A Complete Failure Oscar Wilde doesn't perceive authenticity, as a technique worth holding dear as done by the vast majority of the scholars of his occasions, in light of the fact that as per him, it is close to an all out disappointment. In his satire, â€Å"The Importance of being Earnest†, he investigates extensively genuine subjects, for example, marriage in a significantly overstated way. Most pundits of this work hence consider the play as totally pointless and shallow. The pundits contend that, in light of the way in which Wilde investigates the mind boggling perspective marriage, one can just arrive at it after dealing with the work in a practical way. This causes the crowd to separate themselves from the happenings in the play in that they to think about it as insignificant amusement. There are a few occasions in the play where Wilde intentionally disregards authenticity in the way he portrays the collaboration between the characters, their exchange, an d their activities since it doesn't work as indicated by him. The initial scene of the play ‘The Importance of Being Earnest†, the peruser is acquainted with profoundly adapted, misrepresented and ridiculous world .The characters in this scene too a s others all through the play are not genuine characters in that they appear to worriless about what they state. They are there exacting builds made to convey the lines. Initially, there appears to bring a logical inconsistency up in the occasion where Earnest Worthing needs to take a cucumber however his host Algernon censures it. Algernon constantly asserts that he has requested the cucumbers explicitly for Lady Blacknell simultaneously eating them. He has the reason that he is in a situation to eat the sandwiches since they have a place with his auntie. Algernon recommends that Jack eat the bread and butter requested for Gwendolen. At the point when he sets out on it with energy, Algernon stops him again blaming him for no w acting as though previously wedded to Gwendolen. This makes is generally challenged by pundits of food being a reason for social conflicts.Advertising Looking for exposition on american writing? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The way that Algernon professes to have gotten his proof about jack having been having a twofold existence by taking a gander at a cigarette case is very silly undoubtedly. The depiction of Cecily is that of a youthful guiltless young lady in the nation ranch whom jack is disparaging, the inquiry here emerges on how the young lady needed to keep in touch with his uncle on a cigarette case. This is an intentional creation framed by Wilde to connect with the part of jack being having a twofold existence. Truth be told, taking into account that Algernon has referred to jack as Earnest for a considerable length of time, it beats rationale to communicate it in authenticity how jack concedes so effectively a nd admits his genuine character. The possibility of a man not knowing where his closest companion dwells following quite a while of having realized him is crazy and ridiculous. So as to make the play fascinating Wilde needs to forfeit the part of authenticity. The entire thought of the name of an accomplice being a significant determinant in picking a marriage accomplice is totally senseless in the way that it fortuitously matters to two distinct ladies in various conditions who fall for a man as a result of his name. For a pragmatist, this is a simply built occurrence to have the plot of the play moving. The two ladies with their disparities partner the name ‘Earnest’ with certainty by saying that, â€Å"it motivates outright confidence†. In the scene where lady Blacknel is talking with Jack to rate his qualification as a possible child in law, the inquiries that the lady pose are totally disconnected to the current setting. Oscar Wilde appears to have this char acter to insinuate the British upper class’s oppressive nature. The lady appears in unreasonable control of who ought to wed her little girl than the young lady herself. Her language is ironical and indifferent, which is normal for the unrealism contained in the entire play. Wilde represents that being increasingly worried about authenticity ties the playwrights’ submits communicating major issues in the general public in an intriguing way. Woman Blacknel is loaded with inconsistencies, which appear to be for the most part conscious to make humor. She tells jack, â€Å"To lose one parent, Worthing, might be viewed as an incident; to lose the two looks like carelessness.† This comment draws its amusingness from the way that it is basically silly and whimsical. One can't consider this the case the extent that practical portrayal of life remains in that solitary reality with regards to the occasions have a potential for success to show up in records. For example, s he tells Jack, â€Å"Land has stopped to be either a benefit or a pleasure†. Later she negates herself and recognitions when he uncovers to her that he has a nation house. She says, â€Å"A nation house!† this uncovers she is a variable character made by Wilde to parody the upper class.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Importance of Being Ernest by Oscar Wilde explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is through happenstances that shape the way, where the characters in this play cooperate with one another. This makes the progression of the play so unsurprising that the crowd can figure easily what will follow straightaway. Truth be told, each experience in the play is a built fortuitous event by the essayist to move the plot further. This misses the mark regarding the portrayal of reality that is the significant motivation to the pragmatists. The scene where Jack proposes to Gwendolen uncovers the intentional opposing of the au thenticity held during the occasions when this play’s piece. Jack stammers while the lady Gwendolen assumes responsibility fearlessly. Wilde needs to purposely change and incite the reexamining of the suppositions that formed the truth of sexual orientation jobs in the Victorian period. The possibility of fiendishness captivates Cecily and it is through this that she falls head over heels in affection with the character Earnest whom jack makes and never exists in the genuine sense. She even anticipates meeting an insidious individual. This is a negligible build considering all the awful properties connect with mischievousness. The traits are normal for the miscreants in the practical exhibitions. Wilde communicates disappointment of authenticity in this specific play in the way of playing a few issues that considered as profound dissimilar to different cases in â€Å"The significance of Being Earnest†. For example, the issue of death in the play stands apart as a strai ghtforward thing that has no weight at all. This stands apart first through lady Blacknel’s comment that having lost two guardians adds up to recklessness with respect to the person in question. In another scene jack comes in to declare to Cecily that the imaginary character Earnest is dead. This easygoing quality flops in authenticity in that an individual can't lie about the demise of another without the dread of giving confirmation on the issue. Jack has just his Victorian grieving formal attire as his solitary confirmation of the passing of his sibling. This depicts the shallowness spoke to by Wilde in the play. End In as much as authenticity is a technique accepted and applied by many, Wilde proclaims it an all out disappointment dependent on his outlines. It meddles with the nature of works in the scholarly fills in as proposed specialists who guarantee that authenticity doesn't hold yet rather meddles with the rationale behind the significance of expressions of the hum an experience in the general public. Delineation of genuine characters managing main problems causes the crowd to distinguish themselves with the characters introduced just as the issues tended to in the exhibitions. Oscar Wilde and others in his way of thinking advocates for the happiness regarding plays and artistic works for what they are, however not founded on their impact in the general public. This is the possibility of ‘art for art’s sake’ where individuals need to see authenticity, not as an unfortunate obligation yet as an end in itself.Advertising Searching for exposition on american writing? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More This article on The Importance of Being Ernest by Oscar Wilde was composed and put together by client Taryn Briggs to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; nonetheless, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Government Censorship :: Internet Censoring Government Essays

Government Censorship Theory: Government Censorship would harm the air of the opportunity to communicate thoughts on the Internet; in this manner, government ought not empower oversight. The Internet is a magnificent spot of amusement and instruction yet like all spots utilized by a great many individuals, it has some cloudy corners individuals would lean toward youngsters not to investigate. In the physical world society in general plans to ensure kids, however there are no social or physical requirements to Internet surfing. The Internet Censorship Bill of 1995, otherwise called the Exon/Coats Communications Decency Act, has been presented in the U.S. Congress. It would make it a criminal offense to make accessible to youngsters anything that is disgusting, or to send anything foul with aim to bother, misuse, compromise, or pester (Stop the Correspondences ... n.p.). The objective of this bill as composed (however not as expressed by its advocates) is to attempt to make all open talk on the Internet appropriate for small kids. The issue of whether is it important to have restriction on the Internet is being contended everywhere throughout the world. There are various landing pages on the World Wide Web talking about this issue, or requesting that individuals sign the appeal to stop government restriction. The Internet was initially a spot for individuals to openly communicate their thoughts around the world. It is likewise one of America's most important sorts of innovation; researchers use email for snappy and simple correspondence. They post their current logical revelations on the Usenet newsgroups so different researchers in a similar field of study everywhere throughout the world can know in minutes. Common individuals utilize the Net for correspondence, communicating their suppositions in the newsgroups, getting forward-thinking data from the WWW, gaining records by utilizing FTP, and so on. Control would harm the air of the opportunity to communicate thoughts on the Internet; subsequently, government ought not support restriction. In the Internet people group, there is a huge volume of specialized terms. Hence, it is first important to look at the wording explicit to Internet. The Internet is an overall PC arrange. The Net is much of the time utilized instead of Internet. In the expressions of Allison and Baxter, two specialists on Internet Censorship at the Monash University, the Internet is contained different advanced media subsuming a large number of the particular jobs of conventional media (Allison and Baxter 3). Electronic mail (email), which is one part of the Internet, approximates individual to individual letters, memoranda, notes and even calls.

How Would You Change UGAs Application - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

How Would You Change UGAs Application - UGA Undergraduate Admissions How Would You Change UGAs Application? Since we still have a short window of time before EA decisions go out, and I cannot give you anything specific about this group (still looking at the complete applicant pool and making decision plans), I thought I would turn the tables on you. I will be silent (although exactly how can you be silent on a blog that you type?), and let you the reader take center stage. Most of you have now either submitted the application or reviewed it for use down the line. Your mission, should you choose to accept it, is to tell me what changes you would make to our application for the future. This should not be about the admission process, but instead, the actual application (including recommendations, transcripts, test scores, etc.). What would you add/remove/alter? What do you love or hate? What would you like to see us ask applicants? Please remember, it really helps if you do not use anonymous as your name for the posts, as it makes it hard to let you know who I am answering if everyone is anonymous. You can make up a name if needed! Ready, Set, GO!

The Effects Of World War I - 1768 Words

The Effects of World War I Lindsay Frabotta Ms. Beck Honors World Cultures Period 3 19 May 2017 The Effects of World War I The ancient Greek philosopher Plato once said, â€Å"Only the dead have seen the end of war.† While this quote could be associated with any war or battle, it is especially meaningful when discussing World War I. Plato’s quote refers to the fact that war is never truly over and one can never tell when the next war will erupt. World War I was also known as â€Å"The War to End All Wars†, but it obviously failed to do so. The First World War was the most deadly large-scale confrontation that the old world had ever experienced. Thousands of people lost their homes as the war plowed through European cities. Women were widowed†¦show more content†¦One of the most important peace treaties in history, the Treaty of Versailles, was signed on June 28, 1919, the five year anniversary of the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. From a political aspect, there were major changes to the world that were brought by the many peace treaties of Worl d War I. There were over thirty treaties signed to end the war, which meant there were several agreements and decisions made between the countries involved. The victors held the Paris Peace Conference, also known as the Versailles Peace Conference, to discuss and set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers. Diplomats from more than 32 countries were present, and the majority of the terms agreed upon were targeted at Germany. As the key aggressor, Germany was forced to give up a significant amount of its lands. One of the most important of these lands was the Alsace-Lorraine, which was given to France. Germany and France had fought over this territory for over a hundred years and Germany officially took control after its victory in the Franco-Prussian war in 1871. Denmark and Poland, now independent states, also received territories previously owned by Germany. Along with territorial loss, Germany was forced to pay for war damages and decrease the size of its army. Germanyâ €™s conditions after the war led to the German Revolution of 1918 which gave rise to the Weimar Republic, aShow MoreRelatedThe Great War And Its Effects On World War I1341 Words   |  6 Pageswith perfect clarity. All that I know now is partial and incomplete, but then I will know everything completely, just as God now knows me completely.†(Holy Bible, NIV) Fortunately, even when tragedy strikes, God s sole interest is the good of his children. Therefore, we can find comfort in the chain of circumstances God has organized not only for our lives but also for the world. God deliberately envisioned each aspect of The Great War and its effects. World War I was caused by Alliances, whichRead MoreEffects Of World War I On America1425 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of World War I on America Basic Work Rough Draft World War I was a bloody and gruesome war that drew in many countries from around the world. It lasted from July 28, 1914 to November 11, 1918. As mentioned, there were many countries involved in World War I. These countries were separated into two clashing alliances: The Triple Entente, involving the powers of France, Britain and Germany; as well as the Central Powers which involved the powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman EmpireRead MoreEssay on Effects of World War I519 Words   |  3 PagesEffects of World War I World War I was rising Nazi feeling across Europe, colonial and economic rivalries, which contributed to growing international tension. The main spark that started World War I was the assassination of the Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in June 1914. The heart of the conflict were the Central Powers, Germany and Austria-Hungary, and the Allied Powers, Britain, France, and Russia; Italy joined later in 1915, and then United States joined in 1917. World WarRead MoreWorld War I And Its Effects On America1703 Words   |  7 Pagesentered into World War, it had already been raging for some time. Between the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand during the tension between Austria-Hungary and Russia for the sake of dominance, the increasing competition from Japan for Chinese trade, and the increasingly offensive tactics of Germany concerning the U.S., the American population began to contemplate whether or not America should get involved, a topic that is still debated to this day. World War I and its effects were perceivedRead MoreThe End Effects Of World War I1555 Words   |  7 PagesEnd Effects of World War I World War I dragged on for a total of four years. Many were killed, some by another soldier, a mishap with a plane, or illness. On November 11, 1918, the war ended with an Armistice. The Armistice of World War I allowed the war to end without a winner. Germany got the heaviest load. The end of the war brought The Great Depression. Germany suffered the most during the Depression. The end of the war ignited a spark in many people that led to the roaring fire of World WarRead MoreGraffiti And Its Effects On The World War I1504 Words   |  7 Pagesmost likely been graffiti on it. Let’s start with what the definition of graffiti is, â€Å"writing or drawings scribbled, scratched, or sprayed illicitly on a wall or other surface in a public place† (Bing.com). Graffiti can be traced back as far as world war 2 the most famous tag of that time being, â€Å"Kilroy was here† along with an illustration the artist or ‘writer’ they are also known as, is unknown but believed to work in a bomb factory. Graffiti started to show it’s political and a more passionateRead MoreEssay on The Causes and Effects of World War I804 Words   |  4 PagesThe Causes and Effects of World War I In 1914 through 1918, the entire world was at war. Due to many small, and some great incidents, the world powers went to war. During the war there were many events that drastically affected the outcome. Some of these events were very influential. From the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the war was shaped by events like this. On June 28, 1914, the Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Francis Ferdinand, and hisRead MoreThe Effect of World War I on Civilians Essay819 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effect of World War I on Civilians World War one was a military conflict which took place between 1914 and 1918. It involved many European countries as well as America and other countries around the world. This war was one of the most violent and destructive in European history. World War I was the first total war. Once the war began, the countries involved mobilized their entire populations and economic resources to achieve victory on the battlefield. The termRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles And Its Effect On The World War I Essay2857 Words   |  12 Pagesof the First World War, Germany stopped the conversion of its currency into gold when the war broke out. Unlike France, which levied its first income tax to pay for the World War, the German Kaiser and Reichstag decided unopposed to fund the war completely by borrowing, a decision criticized by financial stalwarts like Hjalmar Schacht even before hyperinflation came into being. The result was the exchange rate of the Mark against the US dollar started falling steadily during the war from 4.2 to 8Read MoreEffects Of World War I Ended On The 1920s1567 Words   |  7 PagesWhen World War I ended on November 11, 1918, President Warren G. Harding proposed â€Å"a return to normalcy†. This promised a return of the United States prewar mentality, without the thought of war contaminating the minds of the American people. With this in min d, the 1920s began- but Americans in the 1930s witnessed dramatic changes in their lives from the 1920s. The 1920s was a period of prosperity and economic success, while the 1930s was a time of economic downfall. The economy fluctuated between

How much gold exists and where is it within the economy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2432 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Gold is determined by the inflation, the U.S dollar and U.S. stock market unpredictability. Gold has always held a special charm and fascination in peoples minds. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How much gold exists and where is it within the economy?" essay for you Create order Possibly it is the colour, weight, or the fact that over time it has come to symbolize an elemental resource for value and wealth. After a small research on the World Gold Council website, we can found that an estimate which pegged the total amount of mined gold from old era to the present, calculated at 158,000 tonnes. This is a very large number, but one thing is very difficult to get close to peoples heart. It can be shared through the population of the world and there are approximately 23 grams per person and is about 1.2 cubic centimetres each. This is equivalent to about $250-$350 per person value of the earth and is according to current prices. Now, we would like to describe how does one tonne of gold look like? There has been 158,000 tonnes of gold have been recovered from the earth and we assuming that is in 24K form of purity, and then will be converted into 5,079,817,925 troy ounces. If a cubic centimetre of 24K gold equals to 19.3 grams, and then a cubic meter of gold would weigh 19.3 tonnes. Likewise all the gold ever mined would amount to 8,187 cubic meters. Lets say all the gold in the world able to fit in a 20.15 meter cube, or 66 feet 1.3 inches square,ÂÂ  and then it will be the size of a small office building.ÂÂ  There are between 120,000 and 140,000 tonnes of gold now in the world. To imagine a single and pure gold cube with edges of about 19 metres which thats all that has ever been produced. The length is about 3 metres short of length of a tennis court. It is about 3 metres long of the length of a tennis court. In reality, a considerable number of 19 metres is shorter than a tennis court, and include all private holdings of gold coins, bars and the world jewellery. The worlds monetary gold reserve is a block of one quarters of that particular volume whereas Americas gold reserve is only one quarter only. Nowadays, there is not enough gold left in the ground. There are generally about 50,000 tonnes not yet un-mined and will charge an extra of $300 an ounce to mine the gold. After the detailed worldwide reviews, the mining industry compromise that huge mineral deposit found out that they are a thing which from the past. It can be shared amongst the population of the world and there are about 23 grams per person, about 1.2 cubic centimetres each. This is equivalent to $250-$350 per person and it will rely on the current price also. What is gold worth? The cube value which likes a short tennis court is about $1.8 trillion. By contrast, the U.S government spent $690 trillion until Year1971 was partially supported gold sovereign debt. The United States gold reserves are more than 8000 tonnes which is about 6% of the total gold mining. So, it is worth approximately $100 billion or 15% of the U.S national debt. The cube value, $1.8trillion is one fourteenth of the international bond market. $26 trillion is the western government of ruler debt constituted about two third and almost all the debt have emerged. Since Year 1971; government announced the first notes and that time government borrowing without any alert. At the present value, the gold content that will be pay is about 7% of paper based international bond market. However, the 75% of the worlds gold is not provided enough to the governments. They are being held as a private jewellery, gold and gold coins. The worlds gold is only 30,000 tonnes which is 1% of the worlds sovereign debt that was held in central bank as gold reserves. At the same time, gold stock that in the world including the majority of personally held. The underwritten risk is far less than one half of 1% in the global financial derivatives market. Nowadays, people have a strong reliance in paper notes. Investors have evaded gold for almost twenty years and at the same time as the value of gold based on financial assets has been blow up. Who owns the gold? The central bank vault held about 30,000 tonnes of the worlds gold which is 20 to 25 in percentage form. The Major Central Bank Reserves are shown at below: Nations and institutions Reserves (Tonnes) USA 8139 Germany 3469 IMF 3217 France 3025 Switzerland 2590 Italy 2452 The one that remain of gold jewellery which is about 70,000 tonnes to 80,000 tonnes, coins and personal owned bullion which about 20,000 tonnes is held by individual in the society. After the main holders that shows above the diagram, the total for others countrys central bank falls speedily. Most of the central bank just holds a hundred something tonnes and they make up about 30,000 tonnes together it. The beginning of Californias gold speeding in Year 1848, there has 90% of the gold on the ground had mined. South Africa is the worlds biggest produce gold which has the average production cost, $238 per troy ounce. The worldwide average production cost is $300 per troy ounce which estimated by Federal Reserve Board. Modern machinery and chemicals have declined the price of gold while its price is going to be raised. Why Investors Own Gold? First, lets talk about gold. The price of gold determined by the changes of supply and demand and this can affect the spending of consumers. Gold is unlike from other valued metals, example, platinum, silver, diamond and palladium. This is because the demand for those valued metal mainly appeared from the industrial application. At the beginning, gold is produced for treasure. Now, gold become worldwide acceptance that as a store of value and at the same time it is money also. Relative to other commodities, gold as we know that, it will not expire, blemish or rust and there are no substitute good for gold. There is no difference between thousands years agos gold mined and todays gold mined. In the future, we believed that although the U.S dollars currencies hit great cash in monetary history, the gold still can remain its place in the Global Financial System. The value of gold will raise compare to most national currencies. When East Central Bank buying outstrips West Central Bank selling, and it will in the not-too-distant future, the other remarkably bullish fundamentals for gold will take over and drive the gold price to levels that most people can scarcely imagine today. (John Embry, Investors Digest, March 4, 2005) There are 6 reasons showed that why investors want to own gold: As a hedge against inflation As a hedge against a declining dollars As a safe haven in times of geopolitical and financial market instability As a commodity, based on gold supply and demand fundamentals As a store of value As a portfolio diversifier As a hedge against inflation Why gold known as a hedge against inflation? When inflation goes up, the price of gold will increase also. The highest inflation in U.S was Year 1956,1974,1975,1979 and 1980. The averages real return on gold was 130.4% during those five years. To create perfect inflationary storm, there are few factors are scheming, which are government tax cut, a huge trade deficit, declining in dollars and Americas status as biggest debtor. Commoditys price increase regard to the weakening of U.S dollar. There will be no doubt that oil prices will affect gold price although the both not exactly reflect each others. If oil price increase or decrease, investors can anticipate an equivalent effect in gold price. Nevertheless, gold is still being mined and advanced at the rate of almost 2,600 tonnes for every year. So, the world gold supply above the ground is going up. The rate of gold supply is rising at about 12 centimetres annually. Thus, after 20 years more, gold will reach a full tennis court siz ed cube. For extra information, in 1968, there have 2 upward movements in the gold price. The first one took place in Year between 1972 and 1974 when the oil price up to 325%, which mean $2.44 to$10.36. At the same period, gold price rose again to 268% from $47.75 to$174.76. The second one for the price happened between Year 1978 and Year 1980, means that oil price increased about 105%, from $12.70 to $26.00. Gold price went up 254%, which from 4178.33 to $631.40. As a hedge against a declining dollars Any declining in U.S dollar will affect the price of gold to goes up or down as gold is bought and sold in U.S currencies. As a safe haven in times of geopolitical and financial market instability Even America is the only superpower in the world, but there will be numerous of trouble decaying the whole world. Gold also named as crisis commodity, it able to perform better in other investment when the time of people worry a lots. On top of that, when dreadful economy comes, the bank for sure falls badly. For those poor bank also will bring down the whole economy. The combination of the universal economy for economic and banking has to stable back the world economy which is a most vital thing to the world. When crisis happen, people will change their mind, disbelieve to paper notes and start to trust gold as a safe haven. Government save themselves by making their money currency become worthless and let gold more valued. Gold will always gives government more secure as gold will rise if the government is in lowest situation. As a commodity, based on gold supply and demand fundamentals Gold mined, copper, lead and other metals are declining. It found difficulty in release new mines as the production of the process takes about 7 year times and also difficulty to cope the supply rapidly. South Africa is the biggest gold producer in the world. Since 1931, South Africa drop to the lowest stage due to high price in gold for already 16 years. As we know that, India is the biggest country that purchasing gold in the earth. Chinas is growing rapidly in economy. Both countries have the freedom in their laws and regulations regard to the golds import and export that will help purchasing gold in a numerous amount. China is expected to be the second biggest developed country by Year 2020, which the economy is growth is 9% per year. American consumes more on Chinese products which is $162 billion for last year. Lately, the 4 majors commercial banks in China acknowledge selling gold bars to people after they had passed the countrys regulation. Before the acknowledgement, people only can purchase gold-backed certificates from the bank only. As a store of value Gold is an asset that can always remain the same value on it, which mean its value will not vanish when market collapse. So, this is the attractiveness for people who owned gold. The price of gold is unpredictable in short term, however gold able to maintain its value. An economist, Stephen Harmston of Bannock Consulting had made some comment in a 1998 report for the World Gold Council. As a portfolio diversifier Lastly, investors would like to expand their portfolio, the most efficient way to diversify portfolio and keep the wealth that formed in the stock and financial markets is invest towards assets that adversely corresponded with markets. This is why gold will as a portfolio diversifier because it is an adversely corresponded asset to the stock markets. Mostly investment advisors known that portfolio diversifier can better the portfolio performance. Searching investments that are uncorrelated to each other is the way to diversification. In order to the risk reduction, most of the investors combine asset like gold with stock and bond. The reason is stocks and bonds are fairly directly corresponded with each others. Gold had a low correspondence with bonds and stocks previously.Gold is significant for a diversified portfolio due to the reaction of price. Gold also allocation as a hedge against the corrosion of purchasing power of paper notes consumption by people. Gold still underground Those un-mined gold shows in the mining companies as reserves where any of the reasonable and confidence that can be extract economically. The reserves that remain are about 40% of the total of gold above ground which is about 50,000 tonnes. There are 50% of un-mined gold which is the worlds recognized stock in South Africa. According to Metal Economics Group, the main gold producers increased their reserves that had reported to 719.7 million or more than 22,000 tonnes at the end of 2005. If 10% recovery of losses when the extraction of ore, which mean it is equal to 14 years level of gold production in Year 2005. Inelastic supply Inelastic supply also can say as inflexible supply for gold. This is because gold is hard to find a substitute for it. For gold mined production, it really need long times, usually 5 years times and require a lot of money. This will result the supply curve of the gold equation be constant. When there is a roar times, everyone is courage to invest in and will takes a great period in gold mined production at the end. Then, a decision will make on excess inflated for the price that will be attain in the end. However, there is an inclination to ensuing over-production for the attainable price. The golds price roar in Year 1979 and 1980 brought up growing production from bottom to the peak of 1200 tonnes to 2600 tonnes in Year 1999 respectively. All major countries producing excluding South Africa that considerably increased production in this period. Once the production started to falls, gold mined will also become worthless. The undistinguished gold market resulted in reduction for the investigation. Hence, a lesser number of new gold mined waiting to be produce than demands anticipation from the market. Physical gold quantities The table below showed the comparison of kilogram quantities for gold with monetary values, spatial volumes, and meaningful human measurements. Kilograms Value @ 390$ / Oz Litres How much 0.008 $100 0.00041 A British sovereign coin 0.031 $390 0.00161 US Eagle / Canadian Maple coin 0.100 $1,254 0.00518 0.500 $6,269 0.02591 1 $12,539 0.0518 1 kilo a golf ball sized sphere 2 $25,077 0.1036 3 $37,616 0.1554 4 $50,154 0.2073 5 $62,693 0.2591 6 $75,231 0.311 A can of Coke 7 $87,770 0.363 8 $100,309 0.415 9 $112,847 0.466 10 $125,386 0.518 12 $156,000 0.645 A standard 400 oz bullion bar 20 $250,772 1.04 A litre bottle of water 50 $626,929 2.59 100 $1,253,858 5 A good sized deposit box 1,000 $12,538,580 52 10,000 $125,385,802 518 Half a cubic metre fits in a corner of a small bank vault. 100,000 $1,253,858,025 5,181 ÂÂ   1,000,000 $12,538,580,000 51,813 A small living room and more than twice Britains gold reserve. 8,139,000 $102,051,504,000 421,710 The US gold reserve fits into a town house.ÂÂ   Fort Knox is mostly empty space! 30,000,000 $376,163,190,000 1,554,404 The worlds total financial reserve of gold (central banks + significant global financial institutions) 100,000,000 $1,253,858,024,000 5,181,347 The approximate total of all privately held jewellery, bullion and coin 140,000,000 $1,755,401,234,000 7,253,886 All the gold in the world A block with edges 3 metres short of a standard sized tennis court. $7,000,000,000,000 The current US sovereign debt (which excludes future pension and health obligations, none of which have been reserved against in the public accounts)

Department of Veteran’s Affairs’ Health Care Delivery System Free Essays

In the past few decades, the role of the Department of Veteran’s Affairs (VA) as a health care delivery system has raised awareness among health care administrators, veterans, and policy makers alike. The core mission of the VA delivery system is to provide primary care, specialized care, and related medical and social support services to veterans (Wilson Kizer, 1997). Some of the most common medical benefits awarded under the VA are to veterans who have become disabled by illness or injury in the line of duty during military service. We will write a custom essay sample on Department of Veteran’s Affairs’ Health Care Delivery System or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result, the VA health care delivery system serves as a safety net because many of the veterans served are psychologically and economically disadvantaged and have a high disease burden (Wilson Kizer, 1997). In addition, veterans who use the VA health care system have a higher level of illness than the average population, and 60 percent have no private or Medigap insurance. The VA health care delivery system provides many services for veterans, and also contributes greatly in managing health care resources. Research indicates that the availability of federal, state and local government funds to subsidize the care of persons left without services varies by state and community and may not match community need (Wilson Kizer, 1997). In this way, the VA health care delivery system contributes in managing health care resources because it takes on the strains of existing alternatives. Within this patchwork, the VA health delivery system stands out as a significant, coordinated, nationwide safety net for veterans (Wilson Kizer, 1997). The VA also cares for small vulnerable populations for whom care is expensive but generally unprofitable in the private sector (Wilson Kizer, 1997). In addition to veterans with service connected injuries, illness and exposures and former prisoners of war, the VA is legislated to treat veterans with special disabilities of spinal cord dysfunction, blindness, amputation, traumatic brain injury, substance abuse and homelessness resulting from mental illness (Wilson Kizer, 1997). The VA headquarters manages its networks by setting goals and defining strategies to maximize health care value throughout the nation. Value is defined as balanced performance of five factors: cost, access, technical quality, patient functional ability, and patient satisfaction (Wilson Kizer, 1997). The VA headquarters also focuses on developing a standardized management and monitoring system that supports risk adjusted comparative analysis among networks (Wilson Kizer, 1997). These efforts are designed to assure that high quality care is consistently delivered. The VA health care delivery system also plays an important role in transitioning patients from one level to another level of care in the health care continuum. This transitional role can be illustrated through the VA’s treatment of serious health problems such as Parkinson’s Disease, which currently affects about 1. 5 million Americans who are diagnosed with the disease (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2001). Parkinson’s disease is a progressive degenerative disorder of the central nervous system, with physical symptoms of tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia (Mitchell et. al. , 1996). It can usually be diagnosed based on the medical history and physical findings. To better address the needs of veterans with Parkinson’s disease, in February 2001 the VA announced the creation of six centers specializing in Parkinson’s disease (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2001). The VA Parkinson’s centers also develop training programs for patients, families, students and health care professionals. Additionally, each site conducts a clinical demonstration program for evaluating new models of care delivery for veterans with Parkinson’s disease and movement disorders (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2001). Furthermore, the VA hospitals are devoted to new research on Parkinson’s disease in the development of surgical treatment for late-stage patients for whom medical therapy is no longer effective and development of new medications, which are more effective and have fewer side effects (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2001). In this way the VA health care delivery system assisting in the transition of patients from one level to another level of care. Finally, the available research indicates that the VA health delivery system contributes well overall in providing services and managing health care resources. This health care system appears to spread itself over the areas where other health care services are lacking, thus enhancing the quality of care and services provided. As long as market forces dominate the health care industry and state and local funding vary, the stabilizing influence of a national safety net such as the VA health care delivery system becomes more crucial. As improvements in health care become more necessary and evident, the VA system will continue to improve the standards of health care for all veterans. Future analysis of the VA health care delivery system in comparison to other health care delivery systems will assist in evaluating the quality of care offered by the VA. How to cite Department of Veteran’s Affairs’ Health Care Delivery System, Essay examples

Operational management of Tourism and Hospitality

Question: Discuss about the Registration of Propriety Limited Company. Answer: Introduction A propriety Limited Company in most cases is abbreviated as PTY LTD. The name propriety means a company which is privately owned and on the other hand, limited refers to the liability that arises from the shareholders limited payment of debts by the amount of shares. Before registration of propriety limited company especially in Australia. There are very vital and important requirements which must be met. These requirements include the following; the company in question must at least have one director on board. The company must also have a physical Australian address for an office that is registered (Australia 2011). Other than that, the company must have on the lower case at least one shareholder but not exceeding a total of 50 non employees. The registration of a propriety limited company is reffered to section 117 where an application for registration is taken and completed in preparation of all the relevant consent. The application of the form has to be made to be made to ASIC whose full meaning is Australian Securities and Investment Commission. The subject body is the one charged with governing all the companies incorporation. At the registration of a propriety limited company, one will have to provide a corporate register for documentation which is supposed to be in line with the Corporate Act of 2001. It is only out of this that Australian Securities and Investment Commission will be able to provide you with the registration certificate. Nevertheless, the registration of a propriety limited company also requires very close observance on the internal management of the company which is to be governed by combination of rules and constitution that are replaceable. The mentioned should be in line with the Corporation Act under section 134 and 135. According to Corporations Act of 2001, replaceable rules are defined as certain sections within the Corporate Act which have an automatic application with respect to governing the management of the company. The NB section 134 and 135, clearly states the powers of rules that are within the constitution. Some of the powers include the following; the appointment and powers of the directors. It also deals with the regulation of the members and directors meetings. On the same aspect, it provides for the provisions of a number of share classes (Australia company laws and regulations handbook 2009). This is the main reason why the internal management of the propriety limited company should be under the governance by the combination of replaceable rules and constitution under section 134 and 135 as already covered from a detailed perspective. The registration of the company in question should also have a class of both ordinary shares as well as a class of redeemable preference shares. The former is covered under section 254A (2) and (3). In the case of preference shares, it is important in a companys registration since it empowers the subject issue. The shares are also pegged to the already discussed concept of constitutionality and rules of NB section 134 and 135 that deals with matters related to repayment of capital, cumulative and noncumulative of dividends (Cassidy 2006). On the part of redeemable preference shares under section 254A (3), it is vital for registration because it will allow for the propriety limited company to redeem its shares at a time that is fixed or on the happening of certain events. The events may be in line with the subject company option or shareholders option. All these are captured in NB section 254A (3). Section 198 A in the Corporate Act Background information of the section in context in line with the Corporate Act Section 198A of the corporate Act is a section that occurs within the 2001 Act of Corporations. It is a section that covers wider area or a wide perspective. The section is mainly in line with the powers directors, for example under special rules; it mentions propriety companies that may have single directors (Cch Editors. (2008). The section stipulates that the director of a propriety company is allowed to administer all of the company except where the Act in question requires the company to undergo an exercise of a general meeting. Reason for Inclusion of Section 198A in the Corporate Act The main reason for inclusion of the chapter in question is based on the provision it offers in terms of the overall managerial remuneration That is either payable by a private company where we find the propriety limited company or public company. This particular section also offers great and extensive coverage on the view of directors of propriety limited companies. Some the area it covers includes the duties of directors, those who are considered as directors among other major concerns. Section 191under the Corporate Act Background of section 191 under the mentioned Act The section in question is in line with the material self interest. This is mainly on the duties that are majorly held by the directors and therefore the disclosure of those duties is within their discretion (Cohen, Small Zimiles 2002). Reason for Inclusion of the Section in Context under the Corporate Act Main reason for inclusion of the subject section in the Corporate Act is because it closely examines how directors undertake duties they need to disclose. For example; it states that a company director has a material of personal interest in a matter that relates to the affairs of the company and must also offer notice messages unless stated otherwise. The section in question within the Corporate Act also gives relation to a contract that a company may bring forward in terms of entering into a business that is still pending approval by the members and there will be no imposition on any obligation on the grounds that the approval is not made by the members. The final reason why it is included in the Corporate Act is also on the basis that it analyzes various sub paragraphs in which if incase there are conflicting issues within the propriety limited company or any other company provided its provisions are within the subject section, references can be made and problem analyzed. Therefore section 191 is a vital organ in the Corporate Act, some experts at one point argued it out as one of the sections that act as key pillars to the Act in context. There argument was majorly based on how the Act addresses critical concerns with regards to companys directors and how these concerns can be looked at from a deeper perspective (Tomasic, Bottomley McQueen 2002). The Act has created many merits in companys managerial procedures because directors have been made known to the nature of their work and how they are also suppose to undertake them. Section 250 R (2) (3) of the Corporate Act Background of the above Section with regards to the Corporate Act The background of the section in context is mainly about the critical role it plays with regards to Corporations Act 2001 under AGM. Its background critically examines purposes and objectives that are to be considered in the cases of annual general meetings. Reason for Inclusion in the Corporate Act Its main reason for existence in the Corporate Act is because of the detailed information and guidelines that it offers for Annual General Meetings. It is documented in the subject section that there should considerations which are to be made with respect to both the financial report and the directors report. Section 250R (2) (3) also includes the consideration of the auditors report for the AGM (Moore Watson 2003). Apart from the mentioned, the subject also offers electoral guidelines for propriety limited companies, the fixation of the auditors remunerations and the procedure for appointment of auditors. The section above offers guidelines that are used in the advisory resolutions when it comes to adoption of reports of remuneration. The vitality of this section is greater because it acts as what combines the whole of propriety limited sector or even sectors of public companies. This is because as already mentioned in the background of the subject; it takes direct controls of AGMs. It is out of these AGMs that a company is able reflects into issues that relates to its operations, how it has performed for that particular year and even report analysis. From here, the company will able to come up with recommendations and restructuring policies that will be able to move it to greater highs (Slemrod 2010). On the same plight, the section in question also offers guidelines on matters of elections as mentioned are key areas in a company. The section ensures that there is smooth exit of the old energy and allows the entrance of a new energy that will be able to spur the company into better and greater heights. The mentioned are just a few explanations with the view of the already mentioned key reasons for inclusion of the section in question. Conclusion In conclusion, the registration of a propriety limited company is a detailed process that requires a number of documents and provisions as mentioned in the introductory paragraphs. The task above has also tackled critical areas that as provided as per the instructions. References Australia. (2011). Australian corporations securities legislation 2011. North Ryde, N.S.W., CCH Australia. Australia company laws and regulations handbook (2009). Vol. 1 strategic information and basic regulations. Vol. 1 strategic information and basic regulations. Washington, International Business Publications. Cassidy, J. (2006). Concise corporations law. Annandale, N.S.W., Federation Press. Cch Editors. (2008). Australian master accountants guide 2008/09. Sydney, CCH Australia. Cohen, H. R., Small, R. A., Zimiles, E. (2002). Money laundering update 2002: what you need to know now. New York, Practising Law Institute. Tomasic, R., Bottomley, S., McQueen, R. (2002). Corporations law in Australia. Sydney, Federation Press. Moore, J. C., Watson, V. (2003). Long service leave (New South Wales): being the Long Service Leave Act, 1955-1963, with rules, forms and notes. Sydney, Law Book Co. of Australasia. Slemrod, J. (2010). Do taxes matter?: the impact of the Tax Reform Act of 1986. Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press.

3 More Cases of Misplaced Modifiers

3 More Cases of Misplaced Modifiers 3 More Cases of Misplaced Modifiers 3 More Cases of Misplaced Modifiers By Mark Nichol When sentence elements that provide additional, nonessential information are not positioned in proximity to the word or phrase they directly pertain to, the sentence is often awkward at best and confusing at worst. Each example below demonstrates how misplacing a reference to a year or a point in time may muddle the meaning of a sentence; discussion and revision provide a solution to each problem. 1. He was a part of the first lineup in team history to make the playoffs in 1978. The sentence reads nonsensically as if the lineup was the first to get to the playoffs in a particular year, but the point is that it was the first to do so in the team’s history; the year of the achievement is identified as an afterthought. To avoid the implication that the particular year is integral to the achievement rather than incidental to it, the year should be set off from the keyword playoffs, and the best place for the phrase â€Å"in 1978† is at the head of the sentence: â€Å"In 1978, he was a part of the first lineup in team history to make the playoffs.† 2. It became a second home for Jones in 1995, whose mother died from cancer that same year. The adjective/noun phrase whose mother is associated with Jones, so the two sentence elements should be adjacent and not interrupted. As with the previous example, relocate â€Å"in 1995† as an introductory phrase: â€Å"In 1995, it became a second home for Jones, whose mother died from cancer that same year.† 3. A quick search of the vehicle revealed thirty bottles of hard liquor, a case of hard lemonade, a jar of marijuana, and a pile of prescription drugs in one girl’s purse, police said. This sentence implies that all the items were found in the (necessarily massive) purse, but the intended meaning is clear when the modifying phrase â€Å"in one girl’s purse† is located parenthetically before the final item in the list to specify that that is the only item found in the purse: â€Å"A quick search of the vehicle revealed thirty bottles of hard liquor, a case of hard lemonade, a jar of marijuana, and, in one girl’s purse, a pile of prescription drugs, police said.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Is She a "Lady" or a "Woman"?Hang, Hung, HangedWood vs. Wooden

Oil Spill Essays

Oil Spill Essays Oil Spill Essay Oil Spill Essay Effects to the water quality Oils consist of a complex mixture of hydrogen and carbon which is used for fuel, lubrication, plastics manufacturing, and many other purposes. These petroleum products get into water mainly by means of accidental spills from ships, tanker trucks, pipelines, and leaky underground storage tanks Petroleum products affect surface water, impairing water quality with hydrocarbons, salts, nutrients, a host of organic compounds, and various heavy metals. Immediately after a spill, Oil slicks on the surface water producing a thick mousse.A large portion of the oil also forms emulsions or dissolves in the water. Some heavy portions will settle into to the bottom. Oxygen can be relatively easily obtained in the slick oil spill, but the nutrients are sometimes limited. In the warm waters of the equatorial and tropical oceans, it has been observed that this evaporation will remove as much as 40% of the spill during the first 24 hr. Oil will also be oxidised by dissolved oxygen at the rate of 1 mg of oil per 3 mg of oxygen consumption. Microbial degradation will account for 2g of oil per square meter per day.Around 1% of the spilled oil will be dissolved or dispersed in water. In addition, photo-oxidation by solar radiation will also degrade a part of the oil. Thus, it can be expected that around 45-50% of any oil spill will be removed during the first 24 hr in the warm zone of the ocean. The heavier fractions of the spill will form drifting patches being split up by the prevailing winds and currents. These patches will ultimately end up as floating tar particles Oil is an intimidating mixture of thousands of compounds, and every oil is different.All petroleum-based fuels, including the gasoline we pump into our cars, begin with crude oil that is pulled from the ground and processed at a refinery, where it is heated and separated into the different products we use. As crude oil is heated, lighter compounds evaporate and are collected and sold as gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, and lubricating oil (motor oil). Different types of oil have different environmental effects. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), scientists broadly categorize oil types into light and heavy. When lighter oils, such as gas and diesel, spill out onto the water, they evaporate rather quickly and only remain in the environment for a short time. They are, however, highly toxic and highly flammable. Coming in contact with the oil or breathing the fumes can kill animals and plants. The oil can also ignite and explode. Heavier oils, such as those used to power ships, are not as toxic as light oils, but they can remain in the environment for years. They can harden after coming ashore, at which point they are less toxic to plants and animals. Heavy oil spills harm plants and animals by smothering them.Chemical Constituents Commonly Found in oil spills Benzene| Colorless, sweet smelling liquid and vapor. Evaporates very quickly and dissolves slightly in water. | Toluene aka Methylbenzene| Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid and vapor that smells like gasoline. Toluene occurs naturally in crude oil. | Ethyl benzene| Ethyl benzene is a colorless liquid. It is highly flammable and smells like gasoline. It is naturally found in coal tar and petroleum. | Generic alkanes(including octane,hexane, nonane)| Alkanes are colorless liquids or vapors that smell like gasoline.They are present in crude oil and petroleum products. They are highly flammable and evaporate easily| Xylene| Xylene is a colorless, sweet-smelling liquidand vapor. It is highly flammable and evaporates easily. It occurs naturally in petroleum and coal tar. | Amoco Cadiz and Exxon Valdez The Amoco Cadiz and Exxon Valdez oil spills caused much of the present interestboth from the public and the scientific community. Attention has been focused on the possible effects of oil spills on coastlines and benthic, neritic, and pelagic organisms. The problem of floating oil will increase with tanker traffic.But it is not the only source of problems. Rig blow-outs can create massive oil spills , and these rigs are usually near a coastal region. The presence of tar and oil slicks are the most conspicuous effects. Tar may seriously soil beaches, and the clean-up may bring, as a secondary effect, beach erosion. Both oil and gas drilling and petroleum pollution affect water quality, accumulate in sediments, change the distribution of marine organisms, and cause illness to marine organisms and human beingsthat is, similar effects as from inland waste disposal. Effects to the waterWhen oil gets in the water, hydrocarbons will linger on the surface and after time, some of them may be broken down or evaporate, but they all wont go away (Rice, 1984). Looking in the sediment on the bottom of the water or looking closely at water you can still see its traces. Once it is in the water it is difficult to remove. Some studies claim that it has little impact on the environment. However, during the 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, numerous studies made it apparent that hydrocarbons can cause great damage to the ecosystem. In fact, there are lasting effects that we are just starting to see.In Valdez, Alaska at the oil terminal, they have to pump out ballast water from boats and oil tankers which has to be treated to remove contaminants. However, they use a treatment process which takes out 99% of hydrocarbons, but due to the large amount of ballast water being used (10-15 million gallons a day), a large amount of hydrocarbons are still being pumped into the ocean (Rice, 1984). This problem can be seen locally. The hydrocarbons found in oil released into our local harbor have the potential to cause the same harmful effects on the environment.US Environmental Protection Agency EPA deployed field teams to collect a small number of samples of oily debris, tar balls, mousse oil and other petroleum waste products that have washed up on the shore or were present on the surface of the water along the Coasts. Preliminary results have only shown chemical constituents that are usually found in petroleum products and therefore typical health precautions should be taken. Samples were collected at multiple locations to determine the chemical makeup of the oil washing up on shorelines.Oil has been washing up in various physical forms and samples were taken accordingly of tarballs, weathered oil, oil mousse, and grease. The oil from the Exxon Valdez has killed and injured many of the marine life in that area. Attempts to clean up an oil spill can indirectly harm some of the resources we are trying to protect. For example, using hot water or chemicals to remove oil can harm plants and animals, and simply sending a team of cleanup workers into an oiled area can trample sensitive organisms and mix oil more deeply into a beach.The experts who respond to oil spills must consider all of these potential problems when evaluating the trade-offs of how far to go in removing spilled oil. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Cleanup Methods on the Water Boom It comes in many sizes, shapes, and types and is used primarily to deflect and/or collect oil. Burning Fresh oil contains gases which are very volatile. By igniting these gases whole oil slicks can be reduced to tarry residue. Dispersants It disperses. They are chemicals that break-up oil into smaller and smaller concentrations.Potentially into individual molecules. Skimming a mechanical system for removing oil from the surface. This process was created based on the reality that oil is lighter than water. It should be kept in mind that it is not the duty of the people living around this area that should be cleaning. But it is the oil companies’ responsibility to prevent spills and to clean them up when they happen. Organisms affected by the contaminated water Oil spills are considered forms of pollution that gives highly adverse effects on the environment.These oil spills greatly affect animals and marine plants. You can also be exposed to crude oil if you live where there is an oil spill or leak nearby. You may be exposed to crude oil from an oil spill through tarballs at a beach or shoreline. Winds and waves can tear patches of spilled oil into smaller pieces called tarballs. Tarballs are small pieces of oil that are remnants of oil spills and can stick to rocks, sand, or marine animals. Oil contaminants may stick to the fur of pets, which can transfer the contamination to people.Exposure at work can occur through contact with the skin, ingestion, or breathing crude oil liquid, drops, or fumes. Studies have shown that the environmental damage of oil spills are far greater than originally thought. The hydrocarbon in petroleum-based oil is able to negatively impact marine life at concentrations as low as one part per billion. The heavier components of crude oil such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons cause the most damage. Although being less toxic then lighter components such as benzene and toluene, unlike these components they are not volatile and do not evaporate easily.The oil mixes deeply into pebbles or sandy beaches, and remains there for months or years. The chemicals include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide , and volatile organic compounds. Breathing in both ethylbenzene and benzene can cause cancer and reproductive effects, while breathing in n-hexane can damage the nervous system and usher in numbness in the extremities, muscular weakness, blurred vision, headaches, and fatigue.Exposure to crude oil may irritate the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. It may cause dizziness, rapid heart rate, headaches, confusion, and anemia. Prolonged skin contact with crude oil may cause skin reddening, edema, and burning of the skin. If you think your health has been affected by exposure to crude oil, contact your health care professional. The oil also affects the plants under the sea, it forms a thick layer on the water surface, and this layer blocks out light and prevents gaseous exchange.When this happens, not only will the plants not be able to photosynthesise, animals underneath the affected area will find that the supply of oxygen slowly diminishes, and is unable to be continuously replenished by the environment. When plants cannot photosynthesise, they eventually die, leading to a vicious effect on the food chain, ultimately affecting all animals. Animals such as Seabirds, Sea Otters, Killer Whales, and other marine life are also affected by this because oil spills causes blindness, hypothermia, inducing low body temperatures.Oil may also enter the lungs or livers of animals, in turn poisoning the animals. Animals Oil spills affect small organisms living in the sea, such as plankton, and larval fish, as well as bottom-dwelling organisms like oysters, seaweed, mussels. When these organisms die due to the oil, this affects the food chain. Fish that prey on these animals will have difficulty finding food, and may die. This will in turn affect their predators and so on. Prevention Avoid contact with the oil. Keep children and animals away from the spill.If possible, put a fence around the area and post a warning sign. Use a source of water upstream from the spill. Even if you have to walk a long way, it is worth it to prevent health problems. Where oil has spilled, rainwater may be the only safe water to drink. Avoid eating animals that live in water such as crabs, shrimp, and snails near the spill and areas downstream. They soak up toxins like sponges. Avoid bathing in affected water. If somebody falls in the water, they should wash right away with strong soap and clean water.Notify neighbors, government officials, the press, and NGOs that are concerned about health and the environment. Teach people about the dangers of oil at schools and community gatherings. In conclusion, the dangers oil spills pose to the environment are numerous and highly dangerous, hence, greater effort should be taken to ensure such oil spills are minimized in the future.Resources: http://geology. uprm. edu whoi. edu http://seagrant. uaf. edu http://drs. nio. org http://en. hesperian. org http://www3. imperial. ac. uk epa. gov bt. cdc. gov http://toxtown. nlm. nih. gov

Indian space program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Indian space program - Essay Example However, there was another country, which made the dream of going to space its own, and this was a developing nation situated in Asia, known by the name ‘India.’ The Indians, although lagging in terms of national progress and technological advancement, still developed their own space technology and finally sent their first human to space shortly after the same was done by the former mentioned countries. Since then India has dedicated its time and efforts to strenuously enhance in the field of space technology and reach further heights, which decades ago, was not even imagined of. Pallava Bagla, one of India’s prominent science commentators, and author of ‘Destination Moon: India’s Quest for Moon, Mars and Beyond’ highlights that where it was the â€Å"US against the Soviets† in the last century’s space race, however, in the present century this space race means â€Å"India against China (Burke, 2013: 1). The topic of space travel and allied programmes in the context of the world in general and India in particular assumes great scope in the present day, as it may pave the way for future progress on various aspects. Besides, India is a nation that always strives to forge friendly relations with other countries, especially the UK and US. Therefore, it is also a topic relevant to the present global political environment. Literature Review: In order to gain extensive knowledge on the present space programmes in India and to attain an overall idea of their space capabilities, it is necessary to review the information by analysing the literature published on the topic in reliable sources. This, apart from providing evidence on the existing knowledge that the researcher possesses, will also enable to reveal additional aspects of the topic that the researcher may not be aware of. Therefore, a literature review has been conducted, which has enabled the research to gain the following information, which is arranged in different sections as under. Historical Background of Indian Space Programme: Indian Space Programme found its origins in â€Å"Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR),† which was formed under the â€Å"Department of Atomic Energy in 1962† (Outcome Budget of the Department of Space Government of India 2013: 1). The first official undertaking of the Indian Space Programme took place on an auspicious November day in the year 1963, with the launch of the â€Å"first sounding rockets† that aimed to investigate the earth’s ionosphere (Outcome Budget of the Department of Space Government of India 2013: 1). The launch took place at Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station, situated in Thiruvananthapuram, which is the capital city of a major south Indian state. Later on, in 1967, the â€Å"Experimental Satellite Communication Earth Station (ESCES)† was set up in â€Å"Ahmedabad† (Dadhwal 2013: 2). The year 1969 saw the transformati on of the space program into a concrete organization, which came to be known as the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). Thus, with the formation of the ISRO, India was able to take its space endeavours to the next level, and this was further enhanced with the constitution of the Indian Space Commission as well as the establishment of the Department of Space (DoS) in 1972. India owes the groundwork of its space endeavours to Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, â€Å"

Milton's Paradise Lost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Milton's Paradise Lost - Essay Example mon values riches of the world as Milton puts it, â€Å"Mammon, the least erected Spirit that fell From Heaven; for even in Heaven his looks and thoughts Were always downward bent, admiring more The riches of heaven’s pavement, trodden gold, Than aught divine or holy else enjoyed In vision beatific.† (Milton 25). The followers of Mammon also value riches and earthly pleasures and the reason for this is that, they took after their master, Mammon, who fell from Heaven due to his greed. The love of the followers of Mammon for the things of the world affect their relationship with God due to the fact that, Mammon, is more like the opposite of the one and only true God. Thus, while the children of God lay up treasures in heaven, the followers of Mammon lay treasures for themselves on earth. the implication of this is that, the more the followers of Mammon layup treasures for themselves on earth, they keep getting farther away from the truth. Another implication of this is that, the followers of Mammon can never have a cordial relationship with God as one cannot serve God and Mammon. The values of the devil Mammon and the values of the followers of Mammon are similar in the sense that, just like their master, the followers of Mammon also have an irrationally strong desire to acquire and keep money. Thus, the values of the followers of Mammon and their master are similar in their avariciousness. It is significant that Milton chooses to make Sin a woman as it is believed that the devil used woman to bring Sin into the world. It was through the deception of the first woman, Eve by the serpent that Satan succeeded in turning the hearts of men from God. This shows the significance of Milton’s choice to make Sin a woman. Milton used the relationship between Sin, Death, and Chaos to show how sin brought many plagues to mankind. Milton tried to show that it was sin that brought chaos and confusion into the world and the result of which is ultimately death. The Bible even

Employee Performance in the Hotel Industry

Employee Performance in the Hotel Industry 1.1 Background Information: Employees are the assets for an organization. This is true because the success or failure of any organization depends upon its employee too. The importance of an employee in hospitality industry becomes more significant because of its nature- manpower intensive industry. In hospitality industry and hotel sector especially it is very important for organizations to stay focused on employee performance and so how to get enhancement in the employee performance. There are many reason of providing training to the employees. One basic reason is to fill the performance gap after having been identified the same. This gape can be known while having performance evaluation process. These days hotels have been taking continuous efforts to provide most practical and relevant training to the employees of all the functional area of the hotel concerned. These efforts of the hotels are more towards integration and getting more concrete results. Those hotels earning good profit have their well-developed training systems and they resort to a planned approach to training its employees. This level of hotel organization has regular training programmes regardless of its concrete tangible gains or not. There are many hotels where they have different approach to train the employees, that approach is intentional training, this includes providing training to all the employees irrespective of their deficiencies and strengths. This kind of approach of training goes on as one of the function of the organization. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K (2005) Employee performance is more important in this industry because employees are having direct interaction with the guest and secondly it is employee of the hotel industry that satisfies its guest. So it is very important for the manager concerned to know the factors that affects employee performance. There is a saying that perfection of work depends on pleasure at job. So pleasure and performance both can be achieved by quality education about the subject area and systematic training of the same. As far as Indian hospitality industry is concerned, a report commissioned by the department of tourism, Government of India, revealed that the annual demand for trained manpower in hotels and restaurants is likely to touch 29,000 by the year 2010. This figure is likely to increase to approximately 39,000 by the year 2020.And the actual supply of manpower? A total of approximately 18,000 students are being trained in hotel management and food craft annually in the country. Currently, in hotels, attrition rates are at 18-25 per cent per annum, and growing at an alarming rate of 10 per cent per annum. This, exacerbated by an escalating wage bill of 10-12 per annum with a five-year forecast pegged at a minimum increase of 40 per cent over current levels. Thus systematic training will play a life saving role in hospitality industry to counter with the current scenario. www.indiatoday/may2007/page24 After having basic information about systematic training and its significance to the hotel industry author would like to provide definitions of the key terms of this research. 1.2 Definitions: Training means learning some new things for increment or development of the working personnel. Training is becoming a necessary for having skills and attitudes as a part of each individuals working life for the higher performance. Performance Management: it is a process which is designed to improve organization, team and individual performance and which is owned and driven by line manager. Fool.M, Hock.C (2002). Training constitutes a systematic approach to training which includes taking the time to analyze what results the organization needs from its employees, if employees are accomplish those results. A systematic approach includes evaluating approaches before, during and after training to ensure employees truly benefited from the training in terms of enhanced results to the organization. www.managemertthelp.org/trng-dev/basics/sd.htm. Training is a planned process to modify attitude, knowledge or skill behavior through learning experience to achieve effective performance in an activity or range of activities. Golssmith.A, Nickson.D, Solan.S, Wood.R.C,; (1997). Training is a systematic process through which an organizations human resources gain knowledge and develop skills by instructions and practical activities that result in improved corporate performance. Frank.M.G, Mary.L, Monchello, BaumJ (1996). 1.3 Aim and objectives / Research Questions / Hypothesis: 1.3.1 Aim and Objectives: Purpose of this research work is to explore systematic training as a major factor in enhancement of employee performance in service department of hotel Industry. To explore the term Systematic Training and employee performance in hotel Industry. To explore the determinants of employee performance To find out relation between systematic training and employee performance. To explore training as motivational tool that leads to employee satisfaction. To explore the process involved in systematic training 1.3.2 Research Question: R.Q.1: What are the factors that influence employee performance in hotel sector of hospitality Industry? R.Q.2: How systematic training will ensure employee performance in hotel Industry? R.Q.3: What is the mechanism (process or technique) of systematic training? Is training works as motivational factor? 1.4 Rationale behind choice of this research topic: Employee performance is key to success of hotel organizations. So this is a prime area of focus because employee performance leads to organizational success and especially in hotel industry because of its nature that is manpower intensive industry. This is the reason employee performance is always a matter of consideration. These are the reasons author felt to explore this area with the help of systematic training. 1.5 Structure of Dissertation: This section is about presentation of the dissertation. First chapter after this introduction section is LITERATURE REVIEW which is chapter No.2, in this section author has presented his secondary research. After that chapter No.3 is METHODOLOGY chapter where in author has explained the methodology used to achieve the aim and objectives of this research. After methodology section there is chapter No.4 which is basically ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS with the help of tables and graphs. And at last chapter is 5 which contains CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. After these there is BIBLIOGRAPHY section which is nothing but list of references, followed by APPENDIX section which contains sample questionnaire and other additional material related with this research. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction: Literature review section of this report is secondary research related to the topic area and aim and objectives established by the author. This section of the research has been proving the research related to the topic area with the help of secondary research. All the variables of this research has been taken into account and all possible factors are also explored which is statements and quotes and sayings of scholars. 2.2 Significance of performance management: Performance management requires a willingness and commitment to focus on improving performance at the level of individual or team everyday. It focuses on performance and potential appraisal, performance review and feedback, and 360-degree feedback. All these processes center round improvement of performance levels of the employees. Its main purpose is to improve performance at all three levels- individual, group and hotel. A direct application of performance management is raising competency levels and potential of employees through employee training and development. Training and development efforts need to be linked with performance and potential appraisal systems prevailing in the hotel to improve results from training. Concrete gains from such training efforts initiated for employees can be achieved. Where performance appraisal has indicated poor performance, training focused at improving needed performance levels can yield significant improvement of performance by initiating need based professional development programs. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) Managing higher performance in a hotel is very much dependent on adopting a systematic training approach by which training gives better results and is more effective for both the individual as well as for the hotel. Training is a planned process to modify attitude, knowledge or skill behavior through learning experience to achieve effective performance in a activity or a range of activities. Goldsmith A, Nicleson D, Solan S, Wood RC: (1997) Training includes systematic training, which includes the different approaches like Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate. Therefore systematic training means to analyze the needs and training goals of the organization with knowledge and skills to perform according to the hotel needs. Then a design of training system is there by which a training package is developed, which is inclusive of audio-visual, graphics, manuals etc. and at last implementing the package, which is developed. Simply approaches of systematic training provide a phase to next phase as it is a ongoing process. www.managementhelp.org/trng-dev/basics/sd.html. 2.3 Types of Training and Development: 2.3.1 Informal Training and Development Informal training and development is rather casual and incidental. Typically, there are no specified training goals as such, nor are their ways to evaluate if the training actually accomplished these goals or not. This type of training and development occurs so naturally that many people probably arent aware that theyre in a training experience at all. Probably the most prominent form of informal training is learning from experience on the job. Examples are informal discussions among employees about a certain topic, book discussion groups, and reading newspaper and journal articles about a topic. A more recent approach is sending employees to hear prominent speakers, sometimes affectionately called the parade of stars. Informal training is less effective than formal training if one should intentionally be learning a specific area of knowledge or skill in a timely fashion. Hardly any thought is put into what learning is to occur and whether that learning occurred or not. (However, thi s form of training often provides the deepest and richest learning because this form is what occurs naturally in life.) www.managementhelp.org/trng-dev/basics/sd.html. 2.3.2 Formal Training and Development: Formal training is based on some standard form. Formal training might include: Declaring certain learning objectives (or an extent of knowledge, skills or abilities that will be reached by learners at the end of the training), using a variety of learning methods to reach the objectives and then applying some kind(s) of evaluation activities at the end of the training. The methods and means of evaluation might closely associate with the learning objectives, or might not. For example, courses, seminars and workshops often have a form but its arguable whether or not their training methods and evaluation methods actually assess whether the objectives have been met or not.http:/ /www.managementhelp.org/trng_dev/methods/slf_drct.htm 2.3.3 Formal, Systematic Training and Development: Systematic, formal training involves carefully proceeding through the following phases: 1. Assessing what knowledge, skills and /or abilities are needed by learners; 2. Designing the training, including identifying learning goals and associated objectives, training methods to reach the objectives, and means to carefully evaluate whether the objectives have been reached or not; 3. Developing the training methods and materials; 4. Implementing the training; and 5. Evaluating whether objectives have been reached or not, in addition to the quality of the training methods and materials themselves www.managementhelp.org/trng-dev/basics/sd.html. A systematic approach is goal-oriented (hopefully, to produce results for the organization and/or learners), with the results of each phase being used by the next phase. Typically, each phase provides ongoing evaluation feedback to other phases in order to improve the overall systems process. Not all formal methods are systematic. Some courses, workshops, and other training sessions have goals, methods and evaluation, but they are not aligned, or even integrated. The methods, in total, do not guide the learner toward achieving the training goal. The evaluations are too often of how a learner feels about the learning experience, rather than of how well the learning experience achieved the goal of the training. http://www.managementhelp.org/trng_dev/rnethods/slf_drct.htrn 2.3.4 Self-Directed and Other-Directed Training: Self-Directed Training Self-directed training includes the learner making the decisions about what training and development experiences will occur and how. Self-directed training seems to be more popular of late. Note that one can pursue a self-directed approach to informal or formal training. For example, self-directed, informal training might include examples of informal training (book discussion groups, etc.), as long as the learner chose the activities and topics themselves, either for professional or personal reasons. Self-directed, formal training includes the learners selecting and carrying out their own learning goals, objectives, methods and means to verify that the goals were met. htpp//:www.authenticityconsulting.com/ Other-Directed Learning This form, of course, is where someone other than the learner drives what training activities will occur. Other-directed, informal training includes, e.g., supervisors sending employees to training about diversity, policies, sexual harassment in the workplace. Other-directed, formal training includes where someone other than the learner specifies the training goals will be met in training, how those goals will be met and how evaluation will occur to verify that the goals were met. This form of learning is probably the most recognized because it includes the approach to learning as used in universities, colleges and training centers. This form of learning typically grants diplomas and certificates. Note that this form of training, although readily available in universities, etc., is usually somewhat generic, that is, the program is geared to accommodate the needs of the most learners and not be customized to any one learner. Therefore, a learner may pay tuition fees to learn knowledge and skills that he or she may not really need.Another form of other-directed, formal training is employee development plans. The plans identify performance goals, how the goals will be reached, by when and who will verify their accomplishment. htpp//:www.authenticityconsulting.com/ Other-directed, formal training can be highly effective for helping learners gain desired areas of knowledge and skills in a timely fashion. A drawback is that learners can become somewhat passive, counting on the expert to show them when and what they should be doing. htpp//:www.authenticityconsulting.com/ 2.4 Systematic Training Approach: Adopting a systematic approach to training helps ensure that supervisors are getting the most out of themselves and their employees. A systematic approach to training includes the time to analyze what results the hotel needs from its employees, if employees are accomplishing those results, and what training and what training and development approaches are needed by employees to better accomplish those results. A systematic approach includes evaluating approaches before, during and after training to ensure employees truly benefited from the training in terms of enhanced results to the organization. These also have to be linked with performance management. Effective training and development includes using sound principles of performance management and effective training techniques. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) 2.4.1 Steps: Analysis-: Analyze the hotel needs and identify training goals which, when reached, will equip learners with knowledge and skills to meet the hotels needs. Usually this phase also includes identifying when training should occur and who should attend as learners. Purpose of training analysis is identifying training goals. A training analysis is conducted ultimately to identify training areas and plans for learners to help them acquire higher competence levels and contribute to accomplishment of the hotels goals (usually in terms of a performance standard). Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) Design:- Design a training system that learners and trainers can implement to meet the learning goals; typically includes identifying learning objectives, need facilities, necessary funding, course contents, lessons and sequence of lessons. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) Designing the Training Programs-: The step requires listing of typical activities involved in designing training. During the design phase (which is usually closely integrated with the development phase), trainers work from learning goals to design a training system that learners and trainers can implement to meet the learning goals. This phase also typically includes identifying learning objectives, need facilities, necessary funding, course contents, lessons and sequence of lessons. The various training media are selected, e.g.: instructor-led, computer-based, worldwide web based, self-directed, interactive and computer-based, or multi ­media. Therefore this design phase can also include identifying evaluation criteria to evaluate if course content is understandable by learners. There are some points considered for the phase which are as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The nature and type of training that is to be imparted. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The anticipated that learners may take to learn the particular aspects desired to be imparted from the training. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The financial provisions that can be possible to be made for the particular type of training. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The level of participants group. Formulating Program Learning Objectives-: Training programs should be designed by the trainers and/or learners to achieve certain overall goals. Programmes should also include various learning objectives that will help in achieving the overall goals of the training programme. Care must be taken while designing a training programmers learning objectives. These should be designed and worded to the extent that others can clearly understand. These training objectives have to be clarified to the learners in the beginning of the programme so that they know from the beginning what specifically are the programme objective and whether the same have been achieved or not. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) Develop : Programme development requires developing right from the programme outline to training manuals, trainers manuals, specific cases, so that programme objectives and learning goals can be achieved with optimum efforts for training made. It must be developed and implemented in a manner so that the best results from training are achieved. The way the entire programme is conceived and developed is also an important determinant for the success of the training effort. It contains the following main activities: Developing Programme Learning Activities-: Every programme must contain a set of learning activities consisting of a mix of role-plays, exercises, games, instruments, cases, etc. these learning activities have to be compiled theme and sub- theme wise. Training material must be systematically developed and finally each sub-theme, theme with the help of various learning activities must culminate in concrete learnings. Development requires documentation of all these and compiled a trainees and trainers manuals to use as resource material for conducting programmes systematically. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) Develop System of Continuous Learning-: Programme can be developed in such a way that the process of continuous learning is in-built in the programme structure itself and learners continue to learn even after the programme is over. Therefore it is important that the process learning must continue. This can be possible through developing mechanisms for reinforcements by the learners superiors, post training follow-ups, and helping learners develop a plan of action for implementing in the place of work both in short term and long term. The techniques to help facilitate occurrence of continuous learning on the various programme themes, has to be planned and integrated into the programme development phase. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) Implement-: This phase involves implementing the developed training package, which includes scheduling and delivering the training materials, and running the programme. This phase can include many administrative activities, such as copying, taken attendance data, billing participants, arrangements for program logistics and support facilities to create a favorable environment for learners. The major activities requiring care in this phase among others mentioned above are: Selecting a Trainer-: This activity is the most important activity. The appropriateness of the trainer will determine the effectiveness of the programme as well as the cost. The most important consideration when selecting a trainer is if they are well suited to the training design required to meet the learning goals. For e.g, if learners prefer computer-based instruction, then they will benefit most from a trainer only when he will have a thorough understanding of on-line/web enabled training technologies with a high level of personal mastery. Trainers may be chosen from among the following depending on needs, suitability and costs. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) Evaluate-: Training evaluation is extremely important phase and preferably, must be done before, during and after implementation of training. Evaluation process must adopt approaches that are practical and relevant. Typically evaluation could be carried out at four distinct points of time. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) Evaluating Before the Implementation Phase-: The evaluation at this point must find out whether: The planned training package will really result in enhancing the employees knowledge and skills needed to perform the task or carry out the assignment roles. The same has been attended by other employees in the hotel and that how useful have they found. The employees are/will be comfortable with the training pedagogy. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) Evaluating During Implementation of Training Programme-: It requires finding out: How are the participants feeling about the relevance and usefulness of the programme, getting more and more interested or disinterested? Continuously undertake recapitulation before the next day and sum up before the close of the day. A short-programme evaluation could be structured and taken during the middle of the programme to take any corrective action required. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) Evaluating Immediately After Completion of the Training-: The training programme must be evaluated properly after the same has been completed. This can be done by: Giving each participant a feedback form and taking a structured written feedback. Take the participants verbal feedback to check for anything that has not been covered up in the written feedback. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) Evaluation after completion of 3-4 Months of Training: This is generally done by an expert evaluator from inside or outside the hotel to evaluate what have been the concrete gains to both the learners knowledge and skills and to the hotel as well. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) 2.5 Advantages of Systematic Training: Training involves an expert working with the learners to transfer to them certain areas of knowledge or skills to improve in their current jobs. Development is a broad, ongoing multifaceted set of activities (training activities among them) to bring someone or an organization up to another threshold of performance, often to perform some job or new role in future. The typical benefits are as follows: Increased job satisfaction and morale among employees. Increased employee motivation. Increased efficiencies in processes, resulting in financial gain. Increased capacity to adopt new technologies and methods. Increased innovation in strategies and products. Reduced employee turnover. Enhanced hotel image. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) 2.6 Dimensions of Systematic Training and Development Processes: Systematic Training and development processes could be described using two dimensions one for the degree of formality and one for the balance between self-directed and other-directed learning. These two sets of choices result in four overall approaches. That is, one can take an informal approach to self-directed or other-directed learning. Similarly, one can take a formal approach to self-directed or other-directed learning. htpp//:www.authenticityconsulting.com The decision about what approach to take to systematic training depends on several factors. These factors include the amount of funding available for training, specificity and complexity of the knowledge and skills needed, timeliness of training needed, and capacity and motivation of the learner. Other-directed, formal training is typically more expensive than other approaches, but is often the most reliable to use for the learner to achieve the desired knowledge and skills in a timely fashion. Self-directed, informal learning can be very low-cost; however the learner should have the capability and motivation to pursue their own training. Training may take longer than other-directed forms. htpp//:www.authenticityconsulting.com Highly specific and routine tasks can often be trained without complete, formal approaches. On the other hand, highly complex and changing roles often require more complete and formal means of development, which can be very expensive as a result. If training is needed right away, then other-directed training is often very useful, e.g., to sign up for a training course at a local university, college or training center. Or, a training professional can be brought in. Again, other-directed training is usually faster and more reliable, but more expensive. Self-directed forms of training require that the learner be highly motivated and able to conceptualize their approach to training, particularly in formal training. htpp//:www.authenticityconsulting.com 2.6 Factors affecting systematic Training Programme: After having a series of discussions with the trainers/management consultants several factors were identified and grouped into which affect the training programmes negatively. Some of the factors which contributed to the negative results of training programmes are grouped as the reasons for failure of a training programme. Some reasons are identified for less effective training programmes and the responses were collected on a five point scale. All the reasons were listed in the questionnaire and the respondents were asked to rate the reasons for the less effective/ poor quality of a training programme. In the opinions of the respondents and the mean values of the reasons for less effective training programmes, the following are the factors, which affect the most of the training programme results: No follow up after the training programmes. Too much of individual difference among the trainees. Lack of motivation to trainees after the training. Inadequate opportunity to perform what the trainee has learned during the programme. Resistance to change due to uncertainty of outcomes. Communication gaps at the programmes. Too short duration. Lack of genuine support from top management. Very little planning or problems in the design itself. ( Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005)) Informations of this section have been taken from work of many scholars as a part of secondary research. Based on the secondary research author would like to conclude that to have enhancement in performance of hotel staff systematic training would be a vital factor. Now author will conduct primary research and discuss the concept based on his own experience after having interaction with the samples while conducting primary research. Author will replicate this conclusion based on secondary research, in the conclusion section of this report, while writing conclusion based on primary research. Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design: A research can be exploratory, descriptive or explanatory. The determination of a particular research (as whether it is exploratory, descriptive or explanatory) is based on the aims and objectives of the research. Exploratory research seeks to get new insights into the subject, answers the research questions and assesses a phenomena from a new perspective. In other words, such research attempts to understanding or clarifying a problem (Saunders et al, 2005). Further they add that exploratory research goes through the processes of reviewing literature and consulting to experts on the subject through selected methods of consultation. They further put that exploratory research is advantageous in the sense that it is flexible and adaptable to change. Thus while conducting exploratory research a researcher can change his/her direction considering the new data and new insights. On the other end, as according to Saunders et al. (2005), the purpose of descriptive research is to highlight an accurate profile of an event or situation. This research is also termed as an extension of exploratory research, where a clear picture of phenomena is required before collecting the data. Finally there comes explanatory research, which according to Saunders et al. (2005), establishes relationship between variables and in such type of research focus is given on studying a situation or a problem (through explaining relationship between variables). In such type of research various statistical tests are conducted in order to examine the relationship. The aim of this research is to examine five star hotels on the basis of systematic training to the staff of service department and staff performance point of views. 3.2 Research Method Business and management Research, like any other study, has evolved through years of theoretical foundations and conceptualisations. Research may be defined as something that people undertake in order to find out things in a systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledge (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill, 2003). Research would not be meaningful if it is not done in a systematic way i.e. it should have a clear purpose and data collection should be done accordingly followed by assembling of data collected along with interpretation without which it is not considered a resea